
We built an App recently for a researchers team about helping other researchers to keep their projects up to date. Let's call this project **ProRes**. There was a problem with this project: we took so much time to finish it, and the quality wasn't the best as we were used to. We were wondering about this project and others we've built at [Triângulos Tecnologia](https://triangulostecnologia.com) and we had some insights about the issues.

The other projects aren't necessarily easier, they were as difficult as **ProRes**, but they took 4x less time than **ProRes** to be finished. The biggest difference was the order in which we executed the implementation.

In this article, we're going to try to understand better why this big difference happened. We think this problem is correlated to the [last mile problem](/zettelkasten/last-mile-problem). So let's discuss a little about it.

## Last Mile Problem

Telecommunications is a common field in which the [last mile problem](/zettelkasten/last-mile-problem) appears. It occurs when it has a whole telecommunication infrastructure available except the one that links the final client, the final leg. For instance, suppose we have an optical fiber ring in a city that provides Internet to some buildings, but neighbor buildings don't have access to the ring. This is the last mile problem because the ring is working but some clients can't access it.

We can see this problem in logistics too. A product may arrive in a capital of a country but might not arrive in neighboring cities because there isn't an easy path to there, for instance, need to cross a river.

_In summary, the last mile problem is the last thing that needs to be done to something works/arrives/finishes._

## Last Mile in a Software Development Context

Almost every App we build, we can see the last mile part in every implemented feature. The first part of a feature is the core. We can call core the most important and the essential functionalities that such a feature must-have. After the core is implemented, we have the final adjustments (FA) or the last mile. These adjustments don't change the functionalities, rather improve the user experience of the application. For instance, if we're building a form, the core features are the fields and the submit logic; the FA are some input masks and designs.

These final adjustments can have fewer tasks compared with the core, but it is the laborious part, then the time to finish it is almost as the core time implementation. We may explain this using the [flow state](/zettelkasten/flow-state-psychology). Core tasks commonly are more challenging and interesting to be done, a condition to enter the state, whilst the last mile tasks, don't. Then the FA may be the least efficient part of feature implementation.

![Core and last mile development time vs the number of tasks.](/images/articles/last-mile-in-a-software-project/last-mile-time-vs-tasks.png)

## ProRes Execution

The **ProRes** App had some features. The objective of the project was to validate these features. Then, since the beginning, we started implementing all the core features together. Once we've finished the core features and validate their core functionalities with the stakeholders, we've started building the final adjustments.

![Core features finished. Final adjustments are unfinished.](/images/articles/last-mile-in-a-software-project/last-mile-application-prores.png)

As we can see in the figure above, we have 4 core features working and the final adjustments to be done. But another big problem arose: **they're dependent on each other**, therefore the energy needed ($E_N$) to finish them wasn't evaluated as a linear sum of the energy of each final refining, rather we have to consider the dependency of all unfinished parts. The definition of energy in a software context might be the time or the cost of the implementation.

$$
E_N = \underbrace{E_1 + E_2 + E_3 + E_4 + \dots}_{\text{linear}} + \underbrace{E_{12} + E_{13} + E_{124} + E_{1234\dots} + \dots}_{\text{dependency}}
$$

The number of factors of $E_N$ is given by the sum of all dependencies subgroups that can be made considering $n$ features, that is, $2^n -1$.

One of the reasons the dependency existence is because you need to switch between features when implementing them. Suppose you're doing feature 1's FA. At some time, you need a feature 2's FA to continue working on feature 1, so you switch your work to implement it. Working on feature 2, you also need some feature 3's FA... and so on.

### 90-90 Rule

This scenario is correlated to the [90-90 Rule](/zettelkasten/the-90-90-rule), which states that

> "The first 90 percent of the code accounts for the first 90 percent of the development time. The remaining 10 percent of the code accounts for the other 90 percent of the development time." Tom Cargill, Bell Labs.

It was our case. 90% of the time was used to implement 90% of the main functionalities, while the last mile, which represents 10% of the value aggregated to the App, took another 90% of the stipulated time to be done.

## Other Apps Execution

While we've implemented all core features first on **ProRes**, on the other Apps we finish a feature (core and final adjustments) before starting another one. In this case, we didn't need to switch between required features because they've already had been implemented.

In these cases, we didn't have to worry about the dependency energy because it didn't exist.

![Features 1 and 2 finished. Working on feature 3.](/images/articles/last-mile-in-a-software-project/last-mile-application-other-apps.png)

## How to Overcome the Last Mile Problem?

1. **Break the project into small tasks**. This is the most important action to be made to overcome the last mile problem. Once the tasks are small enough, big dependency energy among features doesn't exist - we don't have to switch between features while implementing one of them.

1. **Set aggressive deadlines**. Don't worry about setting aggressive deadlines because you know that the real one is still ahead. Even if you know that you won't make the deadline, you'll make better plans and prioritizations because you don't have much time left.

## Conclusion

We and the stakeholders weren't very happy with the **ProRes** execution. However, it was a very insightful experience that teaches us more about the importance of having an efficient development path.

As developers, maybe we'll always want to develop the coolest parts of an application and because of this, the role of a product manager (PM) is very important. Also, to manage the development time, it's far-reaching that he/she, together with the whole team and the stakeholders, plans the most effective features' sequence implementation to avoid the dependencies among all software's unfinished parts. It's also substantial the PM guarantee that one feature is being implemented at a time.


Flow State (Psychology)

Last Mile Problem

The 90-90 Rule

Last Mile in a Software Project


## Notes

- "The first 90 percent of the code accounts for the first 90 percent of the development time. The remaining 10 percent of the code accounts for the other 90 percent of the development time." Tom Cargill, Bell Labs.

- "Be prepared: When you are 90% done with any large project (a house, a film, an event, an app), the rest of the myriad details will take a second 90% to complete." [Kevin Kelly.](https://kk.org/thetechnium/68-bits-of-unsolicited-advice/)

- When you finished 90% of any project, the remaining 10% will take the same amount of time as the first 90%.

- It always adds more time to any software time estimation.

- This happens because:

  - We don't account for unexpected events. We may think that the time is linear - the first 90% takes 90% of the time, then the final 10% will take 10% of the time - and because [Parkinson's Law](/zettelkasten/parkinson-s-law), we project the whole time to the expected tasks. This leaves us with a little time to unexpected.

  - The first 90% may be the tasks that activate the [flow state](/zettelkasten/flow-state-psychology) and the last 10%, the boring tasks.

## Questions

- What was the last time you saw this rule happening?

- How many kinds of projects this rule may be applied?

- Does setting an aggressive deadline minimizes the 90-90 effect? If yes, why?

## References

- [Sebastian Hallqvist. The 90–90 Rule for Planning and Productivity](https://medium.com/the-post-grad-survival-guide/the-90-90-rule-for-productivity-and-planning-81357692bfc)
- [Wikipedia. Ninety-ninety rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety-ninety_rule)

## Backlinks
- [Last Mile in a Software Project](/articles/last-mile-in-a-software-project)

Parkinson's Law


## Notes

- VP of Engineering role faces inward. They're responsible for building the engineering team and establishing the engineering culture and operations.

- They help the team works efficiently and then almost disappear. As a result, developers on the team collaborate well, mentor each other, and communicate effectively.

  - VP of Engineering constantly monitors the team's progress, culture, and tone of communications.

- The best VPs of Engineering know both functional and dysfunctional teams.

  - They know the patterns and anti-patterns for effective development workflows.

- They work with the heads of product and product managers to ensure that there's a good product discovery process. They provide that engineers reviewed product deliverables before implementation hand-offs.

- They are responsible for managing the annual bottom-up budget for the engineering department.

- A VP of Engineering must have technical and management skills.

- _"If the CTO knows the destination, the VP of Engineering is identifying the route to get there."_ [Reference.](https://medium.com/connect-the-dots/what-does-a-vp-of-engineering-do-75da2086f74d)

- They report to CEO directly.

## References

- [Eric Elliott. Software Roles and Titles](https://medium.com/javascript-scene/software-roles-and-titles-e3f0b69c410c)

- [Elaine Chen. CTO vs VP Engineering: What’s the Difference?](https://www.ivyexec.com/career-advice/2015/cto-versus-vp-engineering-whats-the-difference/)

- [Dan DeMeyere. What does a VP of Engineering do?](https://medium.com/connect-the-dots/what-does-a-vp-of-engineering-do-75da2086f74d)


#software-engineering